Glossary

Introduction

Patient History

Patient Questionnaire

Causes of Breath Malodor

Dental

Periodontal

Tongue

ENT

Bronchi and Lungs

Gastrointestinal

Liver

Kidney

Systemic Metabolic Disorders

Medications

Hormonal

Imaginary Breath Malodor

Conclusions

Clinical Examination

Self-Examination

Organoleptic Evaluation

Instrument Measurements

Oropharyngeal Examination

Laryngeal Examination

Nasal Examination

Sinusal Examination

Esophagal Examination

Blood Tests

Gastrointestinal Investigations

Imaginary Breath Malodor

Treatment

Oral Pathologies

ENT Pathologies

Bronchopulmonary Disorders

Esophagal Pathologies

Gastrointestinal Pathologies

Kidney Pathologies

Liver Pathologies

Metabolic Diseases

Hormonal Factors

Imaginary Breath Malodor

General Conclusions

Patients' Stories

Key References

Index

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"Breath Malodor: A Step by Step Approach".